Visual Studio Introduction

Overview

The Visual Studio integrated development environment is a creative launching pad that you can use to edit, debug, and build code, and then publish an app. An integrated development environment (IDE) is a feature-rich program that can be used for many aspects of software development. Over and above the standard editor and debugger that most IDEs provide, Visual Studio includes compilers, code completion tools, graphical designers, and many more features to ease the software development process.

The Visual Studio IDE

This image shows Visual Studio with an open project and several key tool windows you'll likely use:

  • Solution Explorer (top right) lets you view, navigate, and manage your code files. Solution Explorercan help organize your code by grouping the files into solutions and projects.
  • The editor window (center), where you'll likely spend a majority of your time, displays file contents. This is where you can edit code or design a user interface such as a window with buttons and text boxes.
  • The Output window (bottom center) is where Visual Studio sends notifications such as debugging and error messages, compiler warnings, publishing status messages, and more. Each message source has its own tab.
  • Team Explorer (bottom right) lets you track work items and share code with others using version control technologies such as Git and Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC).

Edition

Visual Studio is available for Windows and Mac. Visual Studio for Mac has many of the same features as Visual Studio 2017, and is optimized for developing cross-platform and mobile apps. This article focuses on the Windows version of Visual Studio 2017.

There are three editions of Visual Studio 2017: Community, Professional, and Enterprise.

Install the Visual Studio IDE

This overview article walks you through creating a simple project and trying some of the things you can do with Visual Studio, like changing the color theme, using IntelliSense as a coding aid, and debugging an app to see the value of a variable during the program's execution. To get started, download Visual Studio 2017 and install it on your system.

The modular installer enables you to choose and install workloads, which are groups of features needed for the programming language or platform you prefer. To follow the steps for creating a program, be sure to select the .NET Core cross-platform development workload during installation.

When you start Visual Studio for the first time, you can optionally sign in using your Microsoft account, or your work or school account.

Create a Program

Let's dive in and create a simple program.

  1. Open Visual Studio. On the menu, choose File > New > Project.



  2. The New Project dialog box shows several project templates. A template contains the basic files and settings needed for a given project type. Choose the .NET Core category under Visual C#, and then choose the Console App (.NET Core) template. In the Name text box, type HelloWorld, and then select the OK button.

    .NET Core app template

    Visual Studio creates the project. It's a simple "Hello World" application that calls the Console.WriteLine() method to display the literal string "Hello World!" in the console (program output) window.

    Note

    If you don't see the .NET Core category, you need to install the .NET Core cross-platform development workload. To do this, choose the Open Visual Studio Installer link on the bottom left of the New Project dialog. After Visual Studio Installer opens, scroll down and select the .NET Core cross-platform development workload, and then select Modify.

    Shortly, you should see something like the following:

    Visual Studio IDE

    The C# code for your application shows in the editor window, which takes up most of the space. Notice that the text is automatically colorized to indicate different parts of the code, such as keywords and types. In addition, small, vertical dashed lines in the code indicate which braces match one another, and line numbers help you locate code later. You can choose the small, boxed minus signs to collapse or expand blocks of code. This code outlining feature lets you hide code you don't need, helping to minimize onscreen clutter. The project files are listed on the right side in a window called Solution Explorer.

    Visual Studio IDE with red boxes

    There are other menus and tool windows available, but let's move on for now.

  3. Now, start the app. You can do this by choosing Start Without Debugging from the Debug menu on the menu bar. You can also press Ctrl+F5.



    Visual Studio builds the app, and a console window opens with the message Hello World!. You now have a running app!

    Console window

  4. To close the console window, press any key on your keyboard.
  5. Let's add some additional code to the app. Add the following C# code before the line that says Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");:
    C#

    Console.WriteLine("\nWhat is your name?");
    var name = Console.ReadLine();

    This code displays What is your name? in the console window, and then waits until the user enters some text followed by the Enter key.

  6. Change the line that says Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); to the following code:

    C#

    Console.WriteLine($"\nHello {name}!");

  7. Run the app again by selecting Debug > Start Without Debugging or by pressing Ctrl+F5.

    Visual Studio rebuilds the app, and a console window opens and prompts you for your name.
  8. Enter your name in the console window and press Enter.

    Console window input
  9. Press any key to close the console window and stop the running program.


Use Refactoring and IntelliSense

Let's look at a couple of the ways that refactoring and IntelliSense can help you code more efficiently.

First, let's rename the name variable:

  1. Double-click the name variable to select it.
  2. Type in the new name for the variable, username.

    Notice that a gray box appears around the variable, and a light bulb appears in the margin.
  3. Select the light bulb icon to show the available Quick Actions. Select Rename 'name' to 'username'.

    Rename action in Visual Studio

    The variable is renamed across the project, which in our case is only two places.

    Animated gif showing rename refactoring in Visual Studio 

  4. Now let's take a look at IntelliSense. Below the line that says Console.WriteLine($"\nHello {username}!");, type DateTime now = DateTime..

    A box displays the members of the DateTime class. In addition, the description of the currently selected member displays in a separate box.

    IntelliSense list members in Visual Studio

  5. Select the member named Now, which is a property of the class, by double-clicking on it or pressing Tab. Complete the line of code by adding a semi-colon ;.
  6. Below that, type in or copy the following lines of code:
    C#

    int dayOfYear = now.DayOfYear;

    Console.Write("Day of year: ");
    Console.WriteLine(dayOfYear);

    Tip

    Console.Write is a little different to Console.WriteLine in that it doesn't add a line terminator after it prints. That means that the next piece of text that's sent to the output will print on the same line. You can hover over each of these methods in your code to see their description.

  7. Next, we'll use refactoring again to make the code a little more concise. Click on the variable now in the line DateTime now = DateTime.Now;.

    Notice that a little screwdriver icon appears in the margin on that line.
  8. Click the screwdriver icon to see what suggestions Visual Studio has available. In this case, it's showing the Inline temporary variable refactoring to remove a line of code without changing the overall behavior:

    Inline temporary variable refactoring in Visual Studio

  9. Click Inline temporary variable to refactor the code.

    Run the program again by pressing Ctrl+F5. The output looks something like this:

    Console window with program output

Debug Code

When you write code, you need to run it and test it for bugs. Visual Studio's debugging system lets you step through code one statement at a time and inspect variables as you go. You can set breakpoints that stop execution of the code at a particular line. You can observe how the value of a variable changes as the code runs, and more.

Let's set a breakpoint to see the value of the username variable while the program is "in flight".

  1. Find the line of code that says Console.WriteLine($"\nHello {username}!");. To set a breakpoint on this line of code, that is, to make the program pause execution at this line, click in the far left margin of the editor. You can also click anywhere on the line of code and then press F9.

    A red circle appears in the far left margin, and the code is highlighted in red.

    Breakpoint on line of code in Visual Studio

  2. Start debugging by selecting Debug > Start Debugging or by pressing F5.

  3. When the console window appears and asks for your name, type it in and press Enter.

    Notice that the focus returns to the Visual Studio code editor and the line of code with the breakpoint is highlighted in yellow. This signifies that it's the next line of code that the program will execute.

  4. Hover your mouse over the username variable to see its value. Alternatively, you can right-click on username and select Add Watch to add the variable to the Watch window, where you can also see its value.

    Variable value during debugging in Visual Studio

  5. To let the program run to completion, press F5 again.

To get more details about debugging in Visual Studio, see Debugger feature tour.

Customize Visual Studio

You can personalize the Visual Studio user interface, including change the default color theme. To change to the Dark theme:

  1. On the menu bar, choose Tools > Options to open the Options dialog.
  2. On the Environment > General options page, change the Color theme selection to Dark, and then choose OK.

    The color theme for the entire IDE changes to Dark.

    Visual Studio in dark theme
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